Inbreeding depresses short and long distance dispersal in three congeneric spiders

Dispersal is one of the most important precopulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms and subject to landscape related selection pressures. In small populations, inbreeding within and between populations may strongly affect population dynamics if it reduces fitness and gene-flow. While inbreeding avoidance is generally considered to be a key evolutionary driver of dispersal, potential effects of inbreeding on the dispersal process, are poorly known. Here, I document how inbreeding within a population, so by mating among relatives, affects the survivorship and the dispersal behaviour of three congeneric spider Erigone species (Araneae: Linyphiidae) that differ in habitat preference and regional rarity. The three species were chosen as a model because they allow the assessment of both long and short distance dispersal motivation (respectively ballooning and rappelling) under laboratory conditions. Inbreeding reduced both long and short distance dispersal modes in the three congeneric species. Because survival was depressed after inbreeding, with a tendency of reduced survival loss in the rare and highly stenotopic species, energetic constraints are likely to be the underlying mechanism. Inbreeding consequently depresses silk-related dispersal in three related spiders. This may induce an inbreeding depression vortex with important consequences for range expansion and metapopulation dynamics of aerially dispersing species from highly fragmented landscapes

De Harkwesp in de kustduinen. Bedreigd door begrazing en recreatie?

Data on nesting densities of Bembix rostrata, a digger wasp inhabiting dynamic coastal dunes,were used to document the detrimental effects of trampling by cattle and vacationers. Both types of disturbance resulted in similar sand displacement and prey availability. Nesting densities of Europe’s largest digger wasp declined dramatically with increasing trampling, probably below the critical population size. Hence, additional human disturbance, although resulting in similar environmental conditions compared to natural disturbance, significantly affected local population sizes.As a result, anthropogenic disturbance in order to restore or conserve natural dynamics has to be avoided and efforts to restore natural dynamics in a more natural way should be promoted. Although this is here only documented for one large specialised invertebrate, the application of traditional management techniques, such as grazing by large herbivores, within newly evolved landscapes may introduces new pressures that affect pre-adapted species to natural disturbances negatively within short time spans

Ongewervelden in de Vlaamse duinen: Waarom 5 doelsoorten meer zeggen dan 1

We analysed the patterns of occupancy of five threatened invertebrates in a highly fragmented dynamic grey dune landscape. During two years (2003-2004), 133 dune patches between Nieuwpoort (Belgium) and Bray-Dunes (France) varying in area, connectivity, eolian sand dynamics and trampling disturbance were sampled for five focal species: two spiders (Alopecosa fabrilis and Xysticus sabulosus), two butterflies (Issoria lathonia and Hipparchia semele) and one grasshopper (Oedipoda caerulescens). Overall diversity was highest in large and well connected patches that were characterised by high eolian sand dynamics and an intermediate trampling intensity. Patch occupancy differed greatly among species: all species significantly occurred more often in large and connected patches. High trampling intensity (by cattle and/or tourists) negatively affected the two ground dwelling spiders, but not the grasshopper or the butterfly species. High eolian sand dynamics positively affected the presence of the spider X.sabulosus, the grasshopper O. caerulescens and the butterfly H. semele, but had no significant effect on both other species. Colonization was mainly explained by connectivity and never by patch area, while extinction events in H. semele were explained by small patch area. We discuss the implications of using a suite of focal species for management and restoration purposes in the highly fragmented dune area in Belgium and we promote the use of a multispecies approach for evaluating and monitoring conservation efforts in general

Noncompetitive Effects of Morning Glory on Growth of Soybeans

Competitive effects of weed infestations in soybean fields can severely reduce yields. Noncompetitive factors (allelopathy) may also be involved. Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill, Asgrow A 3127 mid group 3) show a marked reduction in growth due to root exudation, leaf leachate and total plant extracts from white-flowered morning glory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.)

Noncompetitive Effects of Morning Glory on Growth of Soybeans

Competitive effects of weed infestations in soybean fields can severely reduce yields. Noncompetitive factors (allelopathy) may also be involved. Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill, Asgrow A 3127 mid group 3) show a marked reduction in growth due to root exudation, leaf leachate and total plant extracts from white-flowered morning glory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.)